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Vaseline : Petroleum jelly
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"Aquaphor" redirects here. For the diuretic drug, see Xipamide.
Petroleum jelly, petrolatum, white petrolatum or soft paraffin, CAS number 8009-03-8, is a semi-solid mixture of hydrocarbons (with carbon numbers mainly higher than 25),[1] originally promoted as a topical ointment for its healing properties. Its folkloric medicinal value as a "cure-all" has since been limited by better scientific understanding of appropriate and inappropriate uses (see uses below). However, it is recognized by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) as an approved over-the-counter (OTC) skin protectant, and remains widely used in cosmetic skin care.
The raw material for petroleum jelly was discovered in 1859 in Titusville, Pennsylvania, United States, on some of the country's first oil rigs. Workers disliked the paraffin-like material forming on rigs because it caused them to malfunction, but they used it on cuts and burns because it hastened healing.
Robert Chesebrough, a young chemist whose previous work of distilling fuel from the oil of sperm whales (which had been rendered obsolete by petroleum), went to Titusville to see what new materials had commercial potential. Chesebrough took the unrefined black "rod wax", as the drillers called it, back to his laboratory to refine it and explore potential uses. Chesebrough discovered that by distilling the lighter, thinner oil products from the rod wax, he could create a light-colored gel. Chesebrough patented the process of making petroleum jelly by U.S. Patent 127,568 in 1872. The process involved vacuum distillation of the crude material followed by filtration of the still residue through bone char.
Chesebrough traveled around New York demonstrating the product to encourage sales by burning his skin with acid or an open flame, then spreading the ointment on his injuries and showing his past injuries healed, he claimed, by his miracle product.
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[edit]Physical properties
Petroleum jelly is a semi-solid mixture of hydrocarbons, having a melting-point usually within a few degrees of human body temperature, which is approximately 37 °C (99 °F).[2] It is only flammable when heated to liquid, then the fumes will light, not the liquid itself, so a wick material like leaves, bark, or small twigs is needed to light petroleum jelly. It is colorless, or of a pale yellow color (when not highly distilled), translucent, and devoid of taste and smell when pure. It does not oxidize on exposure to the air and is not readily acted on by chemical reagents. It is insoluble in water. It is soluble in dichloromethane, chloroform, benzene, diethyl ether,carbon disulfide and oil of turpentine.[3][1]
There is a common misconception that petroleum jelly and glycerol (glycerine) are physically similar, because they feel similar when applied to human skin. While petroleum jelly is a non-polar hydrocarbon hydrophobic (water-repelling) and insoluble in water, glycerol (not a hydrocarbon but an alcohol) is the opposite: it is so strongly hydrophilic (water-attracting) that by continuous absorption of moisture from the air, it produces the feeling of wetness on the skin, similar to the greasiness produced by petroleum jelly.
Depending on the specific industry the petrolatum is used for, the petrolatum may be USP, B.P., or Ph. Eur. grade. This pertains to the processing and handling of the petrolatum so it is suitable for medicinal and personal care applications.
Producers of microcrystalline wax[4] and related materials often produce petrolatums. Some testing standards used by these companies are as follows:[off-topic?]
- Drop Melt Point (ASTM D-127)
- Cone Penetration (ASTM D-937)
- Saybolt Color (ASTM D-6045)
- Lovibond Color
[edit]Uses
 | This section contains embedded lists that may be poorly defined, unverified orindiscriminate. Please help to clean it up to meet Wikipedia's quality standards. (November 2010) |
Chesebrough originally promoted Vaseline primarily as an ointment for scrapes, burns, and cuts, but studies have shown that Vaseline has no medicinal effect nor any effect on the blistering process, nor is it absorbed by the skin. Vaseline’s effectiveness in accelerating wound healing stems from its sealing effect on cuts and burns, which inhibits germs from getting into the wound and keeps the injured area supple by preventing the skin's moisture from evaporating.
Vaseline brand First Aid Petroleum Jelly, or carbolated petroleum jelly, containing phenol to give the jelly additional anti-bacterialeffect, has been discontinued.
After Vaseline became a medicine-chest staple, consumers began to use it for myriad ailments and cosmetic purposes, includingchapped hands and lips, toenail fungus, male genitalial rashes (non-STD), nosebleeds, diaper rash, chest colds, and even to removemakeup or stains from furniture. Uses for pets include stopping fungi from developing on aquatic turtles' shells and keeping cats from making messes when they cough up furballs. In the first part of the twentieth century, petrolatum, either pure or as an ingredient, was also popular as a hair pomade. When used in a 50/50 mixture with pure beeswax, it makes an effective moustache wax.
- During World War II, a variety of petroleum jelly called dark red veterinary petroleum jelly was often included in life raft survival kits. Acting as a sunscreen, it provides protection against ultraviolet rays.[citation needed]
- Most petroleum jelly today is consumed as an ingredient in skin lotions and cosmetics. Although petrolatum is less expensive thanglycerol, the most common active lubricating ingredient in skin lotion, it is not used in expensive lotions, because it is not absorbed into the skin, resulting in a greasy feel.
- Petroleum jelly is often used by players of American football. The jelly is applied under the eyes, and is used to keep dirt or sand out of the eyes during plays.[list membership disputed]
- Petrolatum is a useful material when incorporated into candle wax formulas. The petrolatum softens the overall blend, allows the candle to incorporate additional fragrance oil, and facilitates adhesion to the sidewall of glass.
- Petroleum jelly was formerly used as a way to pitch a spitball in baseball. Although the pitch was banned in 1920, pitchers sometimes throw "the spitter" surreptitiously.[list membership disputed]
- Petroleum jelly is used to moisten plasticine, as part of a mix of hydrocarbons including greater (paraffin wax) and lesser (mineral oil) molecular weights.
- It is frequently applied on the face in mixed martial arts to prevent unnecessary cuts and tears from blows.
- Petroleum jelly is commonly used as a personal lubricant. (Not recommended for use with condoms because it dissolves latex.)[5]
- It is used as a key ingredient for conditioners of ethnic hair.[citation needed]
- It can prevent moisture loss and chapped lips, soften nail cuticles, and provide rectal lubrication for conditions like hemorrhoids oranal fissures.[citation needed]
- It is sometimes spread on the teeth of beauty pageant contestants in order to prevent their lipstick from sticking to their teeth.[list membership disputed]
- It can be used as a release agent for plaster molds and castings.
- It can be used to coat corrosion-prone items such as metallic trinkets, non-stainless steel blades, and gun barrels prior to storage as it serves as an excellent and inexpensive water repellent.
- It can be used when using a home hair dye kit, if put onto skin close to the hairline it can prevent the hair dye staining the skin.
- It can be used by long distance runners, who wear loose t-shirts (usually men), on their nipples to prevent chafing caused by the friction between the skin and clothing while running.
- It can be used for tinder, lightly coated on a cotton ball.
- It was recommended by Porsche in the owner’s manual of their cars as a preservative for light alloy anodized Fuchs wheels to protect them against corrosion from road salts and brake dust. “Every three months (after regular cleaning) the wheels should be coated with petroleum jelly.”[6]
- It was also recommended by Porsche in maintenance training documentation for lubrication (after cleaning) of "Weatherstrips on Doors, Hood, Tailgate, Sun Roof". The publication states "…before applying a new coat of lubricant…". "Only acid-free lubricants may be used, for example: glycerine, Vaseline, tire mounting paste, etc. These lubricants should be rubbed in, and excessive lubricant wiped off with a soft cloth."[7]
[edit]Verified medicinal uses
- It is used to protect and prevent moisture loss of the skin of a patient in the initial post-operative period following laser skin resurfacing.[8][9]
[edit]Improper uses
- Petroleum jelly should not be applied to the inside of the nose due to the risk of lipid pneumonia.[10]
[edit]Use in "green" applications
Producers of personal care and cosmetic products have continued to focus incorporating into their formulas materials that are based on renewable resources. To keep the desirable properties of the petroleum based petrolatum, "hybrid petrolatums" are now being used in many applications. Hybrid petrolatum utilizes a complex mixture of vegetable oils and waxes and combines them with petroleum, micro wax based technologies. This allows a formulator to incorporate higher percentages of renewable resources while maintaining the beneficial properties of the petrolatum.
Due to the different chemical structure of vegetable based oils, producers of hybrid petrolatum must appropriately blend and match the correct petroleum and vegetable based materials in order to obtain an homogeneous mixture. This ensures the hybrid petrolatum will have compatibility comparable to a full, 100% petroleum based petrolatum when used in personal care, cosmetic, and other formulas.
[edit]References
- ^ a b "Petrolatum (white)". inchem.org. International Programme on Chemical Safety and the Commission of the European Communities. March 2002. Retrieved August 5, 2011.
- ^ "Vaseline® | Petroleum Jelly". vaseline.com. 2011 [last update]. Retrieved August 5, 2011. "has a melting point just above body temperature"
- ^ Vaseline (Petroleum Jelly) Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS) (June 15, 2007). MakingCosmetics.com Inc. Retrieved August 5, 2011.
- ^ Microcrystalline wax
- ^ a b "Condoms Fact Sheet". thebody.com. June 4, 2011. Retrieved August 5, 2011. "The oils in … Vaseline … will make latex fall apart."
- ^ P. 61 Porsche Owner’s Manual 911 Turbo 911 Carrera WKD91102187
- ^ P.16 928S Maintenance and General Repairs - Service Training Center WKS006021
- ^ Jemshed A. Khan. CO2 Laser Resurfacing Immediate Postoperative Care Prior to Complete Epithelialization, Color Atlas of Cosmetic Oculofacial Surgery, 2004
- ^ Jeong JT, Kye YC. Resurfacing of pitted facial acne scars with a long-pulsed Er:YAG laser, Dermatol Surg. 2001 Feb;27(2):107-10.
- ^ Brown, A. C.; Slocum PC, Putthoff SL, Wallace WE, Foresman BH. (March 1994). "Exogenous lipid pneumonia due to nasal application of petroleum jelly". Chest 105 (3): 968–9. PMID 8131586.
This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed (1911). Encyclopædia Britannica(11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.
[edit]External links
- Study of the effect of Aquaphor and petrolatum ointment on wound healing
- Test methods for petrolatum
- Typical specifications of petrolatum when blended with vegetable based oils
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